Kimbrough E, Magyari T, Langenberg P, Chesney M, Berman B. Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors. 2015;28(1):5764. 2009;29(8):695706. In the fall, acorns hit my roof. Shay J. People are sometimes surprised to hear anyone who has lived through a traumatic event could have PTSD. Tragically, among the deepest crises leading to the PTSD label is sexual abuse. Clin Psychol Rev. They were just doing the best they can in this fallen world. 2008;64(1):1729. Suicidal behavior and spiritual functioning in a sample of veterans diagnosed with PTSD. 2018;9(6):194154. Int J Philos Relig. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 2010;16(2):713. Post-traumatic stress disorder and its associated factors among survivors of 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Course of posttraumatic stress disorders 40 years after the Vietnam War. Traumatology. Despite this reclassification, similarities exist in consideration of diagnosis, treatment, and comorbidities with anxiety disorders. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. 2018;5(3):201. She lets the man pass. Epub 2019 May 22. Brock RN, Lettini G. Soul Repair: Recovering From Moral Injury After War, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2012. Would this man be more likely to come back next Sunday when she behaves this way or if she had rolled her eyes or shot a harsh comment his way? The church, as a whole, does not have a good track record when dealing with mental health issues in congregants. Employing Loving-kindness Meditation to promote self-and other-compassion among war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. We just need to understand how to access and apply this abundant healing. Possemato K, Bergen-Cico D, Treatman S, Allen C, Wade M, Pigeon W. A randomized clinical trial of primary care brief mindfulness training for Veterans with PTSD. Results: Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. To address this gap, we adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), an empirically validated treatment for PTSD, to integrate clients' spiritual beliefs, practices, values, and motivations. Sometimes a person with PTSD can identify likely triggers, but not always. Maybe he was in a nearly fatal car accident and that song was playing on a CD when he crashed. Veterans may find it difficult to watch war movies. Then, we describe a case study in which the therapist helps a client use his spiritual resources to resolve MI and assist in the recovery from PTSD. CAS Traumatology. Medications target our body, more specifically, our brain chemistry to help correct some of the disrupted circuitry from PTSD. 2010;41(5):355. The song surrounds him. Our natural instincts want to protect us from ever feeling those again, so we go on hyper alert for any circumstances even remotely similar to the traumatic situation. There are so many different types of trauma and we all respond differently to those traumatic events. Most people are aware of PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder. It is not hard to imagine how difficult it must be to be constantly scanning the environment for danger as you do when you are scared or frightened. No pastor or church leader would tell someone with a broken leg to pray for healing, but that it what happens when someone has mental health disorders. You will experience an indescribable psychospiritual healing from PTSD and any other psychological or spiritual struggle. Wortmann JH, Park CL, Edmondson D. Trauma and PTSD symptoms: does spiritual struggle mediate the link? Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, Lombardo TW. J Traum Stress Disord Treat. The Lords Supper Is a Multiethnic Love Feast, Nondenominational Churches Are Growing and Multiplying in DC. Purcell N, Burkman K, Keyser J, Fucella P, Maguen S. Healing from moral injury: a qualitative evaluation of the impact of killing treatment for combat veterans. Instead of feeling unable to assist when someone is having a panic attack, you will have someone who can step in and do something. When someone who has PTSD talks about being "triggered," they mean they're experiencing that uncontrollable fight/flight/freeze response because part of their brain has interpreted some stimulus. J Behav Med. Curr Treat Options Psych 8, 196212 (2021). 2023 May 15;23(1):340. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04836-3. Ask what someone needs to be able to worship in the church. -, Marmar CR, Schlenger W, Henn-Haase C, et al. No one wanting to cross the alcoholic of the family because they are the breadwinner. and transmitted securely. Article This trauma sickens the soul and messes with the mind, spirit, and body for years, even decades. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. We provide a description of SICPT and a brief summary of the 12 sessions. Earley MD, Chesney MA, Frye J, Greene PA, Berman B, Kimbrough E. Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors: a 2.5-year follow-up. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from https://compassion.emory.edu/cbct-compassion-training/certified-teachers/index.html. Spiritual Clin Pract. BJPsych Open. 125. J Clin Psychol. Please contact one of our counselors for further information. 2. PTSD, Christianity, And Me What Does One Have to do With The Other. In John 8:32, Jesus states, if you live in my word (Bible), you shall know the truth, and the truth will set you free.. Well-meaning people can do serious harm while trying to take on that role when they arent equipped for it. 2016;72:17993. Bible study, prayer, interactions with other believers and positive mentors, and guidance from Christian counselors using Biblically-based, Christ-centered principles in the psychotherapy are vital to the spiritual healing God offers everyone. Fowler JW, Levin RW. MeSH Mitchell KS, Dick AM, DiMartino DM, Smith BN, Niles B, Koenen KC, Street A. As weve discussed, sound and effective treatment infuses significant Christian principles woven into the program, because healing of the body, mind, and spirit are all important to achieve the best long term results. Now he is relationally isolated to protect from grieving the loss of more friends. 2017;73(9):9971012. Behav Modif. The trauma has religious implications: The effects of the trauma are processed through the lens of a person's religion. 2014;70:93341. Identify the symptoms you are experiencing, their frequency and their impact on your life. 2 separate times 2 swimming pools I was band from the deep up of the swimming pool. Mantram repetition program: all purpose manual. Moral Injury, Chaplaincy and Mental Health Provider Approaches to Treatment: A Scoping Review. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. Davis LL, Whetsell C, Hamner MB, Carmody J, Rothbaum BO, Allen RS, Bartolucci, A & Bremner, J. D. A multisite randomized controlled trial of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Currier JM, Holland JM, Drescher KD. We realize, without God, what we are all capable of doing and being. Social Theory Health. PTSD symptoms include a sense of hyperarousal, or always being on the lookout for danger. Maybe hes an abuse survivor and that song had something to do with the abuse. 2013;26(4):42634. In this section, we will unpack why it is important to address our spiritual sphere and how it is foundational and the most vital treatment aspect when treating people who struggle with the devastating symptoms of PTSD. If you suspect that you or a loved one has been exposed to traumatic events, I encourage you to read through this article in order to help you make an informed decision about when to seek help. Photos The National Institute of Health completed a study attempting to determine whether memory deficits after a traumatic event were caused by PTSD or if there are pre-existing memory deficits that serve as a risk factor for the development of PTSD following trauma exposure. As a result of my self will and the damage thinking I still believed to win mens love is sexually. Crowds may not feel safe. (Christianity, Judaism, Islam . This article provides a brief explanation of trauma and a Christian psychologists perspective on assessing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Sadly, because of the trauma, our radar or lenses become so hyper tweaked, they are actually distorted, not clear, and interfere with our ability to accurately assess, make good decisions in, and enjoy the present. Swift JK, Callahan JL, Vollmer BM. What Religion Does Taylor Swift Practice? If He took away all our pain, all our damage right away how could we learn from that? After any type oftrauma(from combat to car accidents, natural disasters to domestic violence, sexual assault to child abuse), the brain and body change. Reddy SD, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de Silva B, Pace TW, Cole SP, Raison CL, Craighead LW. Religiously integrated cognitive behavioral therapy: a new method of treatment for major depression in patients with chronic medical illness. You can contact The National Sexual Assault Telephone Hotline at 1-800-656-4673. The Great Recession, 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, Columbine. Being raped by one, used for their benefit by many others. Every cell records memories and every embedded, trauma-related neuropathway has the opportunity to repeatedly reactivate. Full catastrophe living: using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. CBCT teacher Certification: Emory University: Atlanta GA. (n.d.). Understanding the plight of Christians who have killed in combat. 2018;17(3):68496. July 25, 2018. Pearce MJ, Koenig HG, Robins CJ, Nelson B, Shaw SF, Cohen HJ, King MB. In J. M. Currier, K. D. Drescher, & J. Nieuwsma (Eds. 2019;10(1):1665768. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for minimizing the long-term outcomes associated with PTSD. There are now many options for providing spiritually integrated care for trauma, including both implicitly and explicitly spiritually integrated options, group and individual options, and options for chaplaincy and mental health providers. Park CL, Currier JM, Harris JI, Slattery JM. Bormann JE, Thorp SR, Smith E, Glickman M, Beck D, Plumb D, Zhao S, Ackland PE, Rodgers CS, Heppner P, Herz LR, Elwy AR. It is described as "a mental health problem that can occur after someone has been exposed to a single traumatic event or multiple traumatic events, such as sexual or physical assault, natural or man-made disaster, and war-related combat stress.". I am so happy to be accepted as an author for Unresolved Life! 2006;29(4):35976. The Holy Spirit in us gives clarity, power, influence, and guidance for dealing with the trauma right now, and shaping our lives for lasting renewal. 7But very truly I tell you, it is for your good that I am going away. He was put to death in the body but made alive in the Spirit. We can sit here and condemn abuse in abstract terms, but thats meaningless if we arent willing to embrace victims of abuse within our churches. With Gods help we see the truth that we do not need to let our experiences shape who we are, but rather, we let God and His love shape our responses to and impact on the events that happen to us in this life. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. Spirituality factors in the prediction of outcomes of PTSD treatment for US military veterans. https://psychcentral.com/blog/the-science-behind-ptsd-symptoms-how-trauma-changes-the-brain/. 2015;21(1):40. Correspondence to Avoidance and numbing symptoms are another area of concern and involve avoiding thoughts and feelings about the trauma. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder, and current treatments leave the majority of patients with unresolved symptoms. When I see a client who has been exposed to a traumatic event, my first goal is to build a safe and caring relationship with the person who may have difficulty engaging as a result of the trauma. July 11, 2021 Christians often come pre-packaged, leery of mental health diagnoses, and so when some less familiar term like "complex PTSD" pops up, get ready for extra eye rolls. Bormann JE, Gershwing M, Wittry RJ, Kelly A, Belding W, Warren KA (2014). She says, Im so sorry, not as an admission of guilt or wrong-doing on her part, but as a show of compassion and understanding. Gallegos AM, Crean HF, Pigeon WR, Heffner KL. 2016;8(1):6. Christian Counseling Provides Hope for People with PTSD If you or a loved one have been exposed to a traumatic event and if some of the symptoms described above sound familiar, it is important to know that there is hope and that God provides healing. Time and time again, these nations are overtaken and placed in captivity. She doesnt know why that song triggered his response, but thats not important right now. 2014;27(2):1218. Numbing is an attempt to cut off the negative feelings associated with the trauma, but this often extends to other aspects of life so that individuals start to feel fewer and fewer strong emotions of any kind. Growing up as an only child, I sometimes struggled with loneliness. San Diego: VA San Diego Health Care System. PTSD is linked to functional and cognitive impairment. But with so many recent stories of school shootings, including a very recent incident in Seattle, it is important to accurately understand what trauma is and the symptoms that can develop as a result of exposure to traumatic events. This article describes this novel manualized therapeutic approach for treating MI in the setting of PTSD for spiritual/religious clients. Hes found the best way of handling those is to find a quiet place to sit for a while until it passes. How Christians Can Fight Depression By Gabrielle Redcay September 8, 2021 Topics: Christian Living, Depression, Hope Home Stories How Christians Can Fight Depression A recent survey revealed that U.S. adults are the most unhappy they've been in nearly 50 years. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-021-00248-w, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-021-00248-w. So we are all born separated from God, meaning our spirit is lost, not connected to God. In person and online counseling are available now. J Trauma Stress. Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression, and quality of life in a Veteran sample. Epub 2022 Mar 15. A pilot study of a randomized controlled trial of yoga as an intervention for PTSD symptoms in women. J Clin Psychol. Psychosom Med. Adaptive disclosure, a combat-specific PTSD treatment, versus cognitive-processing therapy, in deployed marines and sailors: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Losing my religion: a preliminary study of changes in belief pattern after sexual assault. Bryan AO, Bryan CJ, Morrow CE, Etienne N, Ray-Sannerud B. Another aspect of PTSD is that trauma often is a catalyst for a spiritual discussion. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.972. Many vets are ambushed by post-traumatic stress disorder. As you can see, the abuse started long before I found the Lord. VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA, J. Irene Harris PhD,Elizabeth S. Chamberlin PhD&Amanda Ayre BS, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Departments of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Physicians Serving Physicians, Minneapolis, MN, USA, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, VA Orlando Health Care System, Orlando, FL, USA, You can also search for this author in Spirituality, moral injury and mental health among Chinese health professionals. Your awareness of what the Holy Spirit inside you is showing you, what the Bible describes as reality, and what Gods promises reveal will keep you focused on the truth of who you are and that even the worst events can be used in a powerful way for your growth, others awareness of God, and Gods glory. "She had the smell of evil about her.". In a church setting, the goal isnt to remove all PTSD triggers (which would be impossible) but to be supportive when our brothers or sisters are struggling with the response those triggers can bring out. This boy grew up and is now attending a different church, far away from his abuser. Adv Nurs Sci. 2008;26(2):10916. I know God says once we accept Him, He will make us new. Illustration by Eva Redamonti When Ana Sharp Williamson came home from her honeymoon in. Mil Med. When spiritually lost and before coming to God, PTSD symptoms occur like: Re-experiencing - we often have guilty flashbacks or nightmares of past sins. You can know, without a doubt, that you are safe, but part of your unconscious brain is sending out signals that tell your body you are in a life-or-death situation. Psychoanal Psychol. Let's consider four things that Jesus might say to someone struggling with PTSD. Meditation and yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta- analytic review of randomized controlled trials. People who were in serious accidents might avoid driving. J Affect Disord. Loving-kindness Meditation and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. I seemed to only draw men who had major sexual issues. Trauma, meaning, and spirituality: translating research into clinical practice. Avoidance - we often avoid conversations of God or going to church or being around people who talk about God. Individual treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder using mantram repetition: a randomized clinical trial. Loving-kindness Meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Kearney DJ, McManus C, Malte CA, Martinez ME, Felleman B, Simpson TL. Category: In Matthew 13:15b, Jesus states, lest they should see with their eyes and hear with their ears and understand with their heart and turn, and I would heal them.. You see, when Jesus was experiencing trauma and adversity, it was His using the power of the Holy Spirit who came down upon Him, His ability to apply Gods instructions in the Bible, and His faith in and love for His Father that allowed Him to have peace, joy, and success in overcoming the pain and adversity of this world. They can also be used to alienate even further. Clin Psychol Psychother. Combat veterans are no more likely to kill themselves than veterans who were never under fire. Preferences. 2018;175(10):97988. It is also helpful to point out that the event must involve threatened death, serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of the individual themselves or to someone they are close to (such as a family member or a very close friend). Before 2018;27(6):64573. 2017;40(2):E112. Moral injury and psycho-spiritual development: considering the developmental context. This can make those with the condition apprehensive about coming to church, and yet, spiritual health is one component of well-being. There is no quick fix for PTSD, and the church must have patience with people who have it. When he taps the woman to his left on the shoulder and says, Excuse me, she could respond in a few different ways. Spiritually Integrated Interventions for PTSD and Moral Injury: a Review. Google Scholar. (2021). Get the best from CT editors, delivered straight to your inbox! Maybe hes a veteran and that song reminded him of something he experienced in combat. Jin J, Weiman K, Bremault-Phillips S, Vermetten E. Front Psychiatry. 2014;6(3):208. Moral injury. "This event changed my priorities. FOIA van der Kolk Laura BA, West J, Rhodes A, Emerson D, Suvak M, Spinazzola J. Yoga as an adjunctive treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Guilford Publications. Combat wounds the soul, but the gospel offers hope. Kearney DJ, Malte CA, McManus C, Martinez ME, Felleman B, Simpson TL. Later, after Mass is over, she could ask if hes OK. She chooses the last option. Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. 2022 Jun 14;13:880442. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.880442. Psychotherapy (Chic). Ears to Hear: Pennsylvania Grand Jury Report, PTSD and the Church: When Religion is a Trigger. He tells her, Im OK. That song just gets to me.. No pain, no gain mentality and actually become stronger in our faith and who we are to shine, be a Lighthouse, during dark times. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. To be clear, trigger doesnt mean offended, upset, angry, or irritated. New York: Bantam Dell; 2013. Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. Spiritual wellbeing mediates PTSD change in veterans with military-related PTSD. We havent even scratched the surface on that yet. Assessment of Moral Injury in Veterans and Active Duty Military Personnel With PTSD: A Review. J. Irene Harris PhD. These categories can be broad and difficult to understand, so I will explain them in more detail below. Cognitive-based compassion training: a promising prevention strategy for at-risk adolescents. Several why didnt they use these terms? arguments [originally posted on Facebook Sinless Creatures in the Bible: Actual & Potential. (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and . Many of us experience difficulties and occasionally very trying times in our lives. Koenig HG, Boucher NA, Oliver RJ, Youssef N, Mooney SR, Currier JM, Pearce M. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;66:1733. June is PTSD Awareness Month, designated by the United States Senate. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., & Weiss, D. S. (1990). Stages of faith: the psychology of human development and the quest for meaning. Published September 10, 2019 9:09am EDT 'Summer of '42' actress Jennifer O'Neill says 'God saved my life' after suicide attempt, accidental gunshot wound By Stephanie Nolasco | Fox News Video. Adaptive disclosure: an open trial of a novel exposure-based intervention for service members with combat-related psychological stress injuries. The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence, 3445. Traumatology. Thats how a PTSD trigger works. Ben-Ezra M, Palgi Y, Sternberg D, Berkley D, Eldar H, Glidai Y, Moshe L, Shrira A. Ephesians 1:3-4 3Praise be to the God and Father of our LORD Jesus Christ, who has blessed us in the heavenly realms with every spiritual blessing in Christ. So on may 4th 2019 I got into the swimming pool turned to mom and said "I can't swim, I wish I could" I really couldn't I hadn't ever been able to. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental and physical health condition that is triggered by a terrifying event or series of eventseither by experiencing the event or witnessing it. National Library of Medicine J Clin Psychol. Every cell records memories and every embedded, trauma-related neuropathway has the opportunity to . ), Addressing Moral Injury in Clinical Practice (p. 203221). Posts about PTSD written by Miss Z McNeil. PTSD and anxiety-related disorders are heterogeneous, which is reflected by the neural . That's not to say that prayer cannot be part of healing, but a doctor's care is often necessary even though the wounds cannot be seen. But I do know that God is still working on me. PTSD is a serious psychiatric condition that occurs when you are exposed to real or threatened injuries, deaths and sexual assaults. Article Perfect peace allows us to walk forward in life clearly and joyfully and is what we strive for when we are confronted by a hurtful or traumatic event in our life. Kabat-Zinn J. Med Care. 2014;75(6):55965. Many times we hear from Christians and the church how depression is a sin and that we shouldn't be taking medication for our PTSD. It is also different from feeling left out. How can the church help military families heal? Mantram repetition with homeless women. Bringing philosophy to bear on moral injury and posttraumatic stress disorder construct validation: commentary on Farnsworth (2019). You can also contact the Crisis Text Line by texting "START" to 741741. Instead of feeling unable to assist when someone is having a panic attack, you will have someone who can step in and do something. Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and future. My mother fell in love with a man who is a recovering alcoholic and sex addict. When were in the middle of a traumatic event, our body automatically kicks in with our fight/flight/freeze response. Encountering children and child soldiers during military deployments: the impact and implications for moral injury. God is holy, pure, absolute righteousness. I welcome you to join me in the journey of healing by joining my community. American Psychological Association; 2017. The damage was already done to my psyche and my brain. J Trauma Stress. As we understand and apply Gods instruction and promises while yielding to the Holy Spirit to exercise the mind of Christ in us, we will experience healing in the form of the following: Isaiah 26:3 states, He gives them perfect peace whose mind is fixed on Thee.. Hyper-arousal or reactivity we are trying to do many good things to make up for our sins, trying to prove to ourselves or God we are worthy. Although each Christian individual dealing with depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder or PTSD has a unique and personal reason for not seeking support from othersin or out of church there are some common experiences and misperceptions. Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study. Reliving the event in flashbacks or nightmares. Research on relationships between spirituality and psychological trauma outcomes has advanced to the point that there is no doubt that interventions addressing spiritual distress can provide critically needed help to trauma survivors who want spiritually integrated care. J Relig Health. My faith is more important, but I feel guilty for pushing it aside for so long. Self-forgiveness, posttraumatic stress, and suicide attempts among military personnel and veterans. Ter Kuile H, Ehring T. Predictors of changes in religiosity after trauma: trauma, religiosity, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Church leaders need to validate and affirm the person who doesn't feel safe. Thankfully this pushes our pursuit to find the being with amazing power that created all we see around us. I pray some of my own truth, questions, exploration will give you insight into your own journey through this life. Moral injury (MI) may be one of the barriers that interfere with recovery from PTSD, particularly among current or former military service members. Google Scholar. Lang AJ, Malaktaris AL, Casmar P, Baca SA, Golshan S, Harrison T, Negi L. Compassion meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: a randomized proof of concept study. Defining and assessing moral injury: a syndrome perspective. While everyone is gathering their jackets and purses, she turns to him and asks if everything is OK. Plumb D, Bormann J, Beck D, Glickman M, Zhao S, Osei-Bonsu P, Johnston J, Elwy R. Meditation-based mantram repetition program for veterans with PTSD: a randomized controlled trial in the VA healthcare system. Many people in Kansas, Oklahoma and Missouri have experienced horrendous tornadoes, which have wiped out entire towns. There is hope. 2007;69:242248. PTSD, Christianity, and Me. Get ready for pastors who address your trauma with the pejorative, "pop psychology" in their sermons (oh, there are so many). password? J Clin Psychol. We call this treatment Spiritually Integrated CPT (SICPT). But if you recognize your struggle in anything I am talking about. But some churches are coming to their defense. I do forgive him that's all I can do. 2017;182(1112):e192040. It doesnt happen often, but I have been known to get to the parking lot, immediately pull a U-Turn and nope on out because all the sudden I cant catch my breath. Unconditional Love knowing God and Jesus love us and sacrificed so much for us, and will continue to no matter how we respond to our circumstances. Re-experiencing we often have guilty flashbacks or nightmares of past sins. 2016;22(2):122. I would be honored to come alongside you and join you on your journey toward healing. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This content does not have an Arabic version. Salzberg, S. (2002). The religious and spiritual struggles scale: development and initial validation. J Clin Psychiatry. That's not to minimize the impact that PTSD has on sufferers' lives, of course. No material on this site is intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. 2013;69:1427. When PTSD sufferers turn to the church for theological answers, are they going to be even more traumatized when an insensitive leader says something harsh?
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